Semantika ja analüütiline filosoofia

märgid

Code: ITV9070 Link: http://www.lambda.ee/index/Semantika_ja_analüütiline_filosoofia ehk http://www.lambda.ee/index/itv0071 Archive: 2018 arhiivi Lecturer: Tanel Tammet Contact: tanel.tammet@ttu.ee, 6203457, ICT 426 "A sign is anything that can be used to tell a lie." --Umberto Eco “I’m writing a book on magic,” I explain, and I’m asked, “Real magic?” By real magic people mean miracles, thaumaturgical acts, and supernatural powers. “No,” I answer: “Conjuring tricks, not real magic.” Real magic, in other words, refers to the magic that is not real, while the magic that is real, that can actually be done, is not real magic. --Lee Siegel

Time, place, credits

Credits: 6

Lectures: Thursdays at 12:00-13:30 in the room ICT-A1.

Practice sessions: every second Friday starting from 6. Feb at 08:15-09:45 in the room ICT-A1

The contents of practice sessions are presentatins by students and their discussion. Presence in the practice sessions is accounted for in the final grade.

Course will finish with a written exam. The materials below marked with a red E will be critical for studying for the exam, while the materials marked with blue L are also used but less important. Materials without such marks will not be used for the exam questions.

In order to be allowed to take the exam, each student should give at least four presentations. Presentations are not graded, but when they are determined not to be satfisfactory, they should be re-done.

Some of the later lecture times will be used as additional practice sessions.

Initial course plan, materials and topics

We consider several topics, starting from general ones and moving to more specific.

The main goal of the lectures is to make it easier to understand the concepts and ideas in the topics, in order to better understand the reading materials..

Main and recommended materials

Obligatory:

• D. Chandler. Semiotics for beginners. first half is obligatory. E. Observe that semiotics is more part of the so called continental philosophy, not so much the

analytic philosophy.

• Tähendus, tõde, meetod. Source for the first round of presentations.

Useful readings:

• philosophy bites podcasts. Start with this episode.
• Sam Harrise with David Chalmersiga
• brain science podcasts. Especially recommended:

*, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *, *.

• seminar of analytic philosophy
• Endel Tulving. Memory.
• Intro to semiotics

Intro, semiotics, philosophy

Main materials:

• Semiotics for beginners. first half is obligatory. E
• Quine: Two Dogmas of Empiricism. E
• mis on analüütiline filosoofia.
• analytic/synthetic. E
• logical positivism.
• Problem of universals nominalism/realism. L
• functionalism. E
• fenomenoloogia.
• Propp.

Useful to read/listen:

• L Philosophy of Metzinger: listen as a lecture Metzingeri podcasti, background reading Self models ja lisaks tasub vaadata ka Metzinger video
• Tractatus ja Tractatus: struktureeritud täistekst. L. Wittgenstein. Read a bit, along with a commentary
• Philosophical Investigations koos kommentaaridega: read first 100.A A small summary of early vs late Wittgenstein

About the alphaber:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese
• võrlduspilt ja wiki ja unicode
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_uniliteral_signs
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumae_alphabet

Märkmeid strukturalismist, dekonstruktsioonist ja muust:

• strukturalism, dekonstruktivism, dekonstrueerimise kiirõpetus, Derrida lõik, hermeneutika
• insheeption
• sympathetic magic: wiki, Frazer

Märkmeid Proppi teooriast:

• muinasjutugeneraator
• narrateemid
• pftml
• valik muinasjutte pftml-s välja toodud struktuuriga

Märkmeid Viini ringist ja loogilisest positivismist:

• Põhiseisukohad: "First, experience is the only source of knowledge; second, logical analysis performed with the help of symbolic logic is the preferred method for solving philosophical problems."
• taust: analüütiline/sünteetiline, apriori/aposteriori
• Klassikaline positivism kui taust: pikemalt siit
• väike ülevaateloeng Viini ringist
• Vienna circle: good short overview ja põhjalik artikkel Stanfordi filosoofiaentsüklopeediast ning Viini ringi manifest
• Logical positivism: good overview
• wiki logical positivism

Evolution of brain, intelligence and society

Sociobiology, evolutionary psychology and memetics.

Main material:

• Evolution: loengumaterjal sissejuhatuseks.
• Sociobiology in wikipedia. E.
• Evolutionary psychology in wikipedia. E. You may also want to read more details in primer ja conceptual grounds
• Memetics in wikipedia. E

Recommended books:

• The Selfish Gene
• Guns, Germs and Steel
• Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
• Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow

Important papers:

• BRAIN EVOLUTION AND NEUROLINGUISTIC PRECONDITIONS L
• CO-EVOLUTION OF NEOCORTEX SIZE, GROUP SIZE AND LANGUAGE IN HUMANS L
• Precis of Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition L
• DNA seen through the eyes of a coder
• Epigenetics vt ka seda artiklit

Märkmeid: artiklid, kogumikud ja muud. Ei ole kohustuslik lugemine.

• natural language and natural selection
• Language as an Adaptation to the Cognitive Niche
• Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?
• Agner Fog: cultural selection
• Buss lab publications
• Changizi publications: vt allpool peatükk ARTICLES AND BOOKS ntx Economically organized hierarchies in WordNet and the Oxford English Dictionary, citybrain, colorface, xray vision
• the brain from 25000 feet
• John Eccles: Evolution of consciousness

Brain science

For exam:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience L
• https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory L
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind E

Good general overviews:

• background reading for further reading or listening about brain
• https://grey.colorado.edu/CompCogNeuro/index.php/CCNBook/Main
• https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience

Read also:

• nootropics
• phantom limbs

Important:

• look at the recommended podcasts, youtube lectures and background for these
• see also http://brainsciencepodcast.com/episodes-page

General notes

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Workspace_Theory
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmother_cell

Infinity, logic and philosophy of mathematics

On infinity:

• infinity, limits of computation and undecidability E either this or read details about infinity and undecidability from other sources
• cardinality in wikipedia L

Nonclassical logics:

• mitteklassikalised loogikad. L either read this material or read a short intro to non-classical logics from other sources.
• modaalsed loogikad L either read this material or read a short intro to modal logics from other sources.

Read:

• loogika sissejuhatus wikipedias L

More on nonclassical logics:

• modaalsete loogikate ülevaade wikipedias
• Modaalse loogika filosoofilised põhiideed
• Intuitsionistliku loogika filosoofilised põhiideed L

Thinking and AI

Mõtlemine ja tehismõtlemine üldpildina:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence L
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects
• http://www.reddit.com/r/PhilosophyOfCS
• http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computer-science/

Mõtlemine ja tehismõtlemine: konkreetsemad küsimused

• Functionalism E
• Putnam: is semiotics possible?
• chinese room L
• Freimiprobleem E
• symbol grounding
• C elegans ja tema aju
• Wolpert: aju on liikumiseks
• comic
• simulating human brain is a waste of energy

Semantics in the semantic web

• XML ja semantika suhted
• Namespaced, URI-d, URN-d jms
• RDF(S) ja OWL
• ontoloogiad

Hakatuseks baasmaterjale XML-st

• XML 1.0 standard.
• XML namespaces
• XML õpetus (w3schools)

URI, URN, URL. Loe selles järjekorras:

• url tähenduse probleem E
• ametlik dokument uride kohta: vaata algust ja viska korraks järgnevale pilk peale
• ideid probleemi leevendamiseks, eeskätt topic maps kontekstis
• [1]

Tutorialid:

• Detailne RDF tutorial
• Detailne RDFS tutorial
• Detailne OWL tutorial

Loomulik keel reaalsetes süsteemides

Dialoog ja pragmaatika:

• ülevaade E
• Grice dialoogimaksiimid L
• Inform 7 mängunäide
• Amzi tutorial

Olulised probleemid:

• Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence, McCarthy and Hayes.
• The Problem with Solutions to the Frame Problem. L. Morgenstein
• Frame problem 2
• Dennetti artiklid. Võrgus (osaliselt) vabalt.
• Semiootika ja intelligentsed süsteemid

Huvitavaid dialoogsüsteeme:

• CommandTalk
• Kopteri juhtimine: googelda WITAS Multi-Modal Dialogue System

Presentations

Schedule:

7. veebruar kell 8:15

• Urmas - Putnam: tähendus ja osutus. (Meaning and reference)
• hannes - Quine: empirismi kaks dogmat. (Two dogmas of empiricism)

14. veebruar kell 8:15

• Allan - Dummett: Truth.
• Rauno - Tarski: semantiline tõekontseptsioon.

Ideas for the first rounds from this book (search originals from the web):

• Putnam: tähendus ja osutus. (Meaning and reference)
• Quine: empirismi kaks dogmat. (Two dogmas of empiricism)
• Dummett: Truth.
• Tarski: semantiline tõekontseptsioon.
• Strawson: Tähendus ja tõde.
• Ramsey subjektiivne tõenäosusteooria.

Further:

• Nick Boström "are we living in simulation". http://www.simulation-argument.com/ and http://www.nickbostrom.com/
• Paul Grice: "meaning" and overview of other important parts of Grice claims and theory.
• Evolution of morals. alusta siit ja otsi ise edasi.
• Frege: Frege tähendusest ja osutusest.
• Dennett: kvaalide kvainimine (quining qualia).
• Mirror Neurons mh alustuseks brain science podcast 35 Mirror Neurons ja podcast 39 (Discusses the role of mirror neurons in imitation and language) pluss googelda veidi juurde.
• Frame problem in AI. Start with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem and continue to find additional materials and examples.
• How do bacteria and simple organisms communicate. Start with this TED lecture.
• infinity: cardinals and ordinals.
• Overview of pragmatism as a philosophical school: main ideas, development etc.
• example of a proof which is classically easy but intuitionistically hard: irrationality around square root of two.
• Anthropic principle and the Boltzmann brain.
• modal logics S4 ja S5 and possible worlds (Kripke semantics).
• neurons.
• Research and give an overview of the state of the art in machine translation: top systems, their capacity and the main principles of how they work.
• Statistical principles in machine translation a la Google
• Confirmation bias, start with this article
• How do bacteria and simple organisms communicate. Start with this TED lecture
• Evolution of morals. alusta siit
• How do bacteria and simple organisms communicate. Start with this TED lecture Artur Vainola
• Frame problem in AI. Start with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem and continue to find additional materials and examples.
• Intuitsionistlik loogika: näited teoreemidest, mis kehtivad klassikaliselt, kuid mitte intuitsionistlikult. Näiteid tõestustest, millel lihtne klassikaline, kuid keeruline intuitsionistlik tõestus.
• Ordinaalid ja kardinaalid.
• Neuroimaging, auditory hallucinations, and the bicameral mind.pdf start here and download pdf