Semantika ja analüütiline filosoofia: erinevus redaktsioonide vahel

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== <font color="red>Results</font> ==
The grades after all three exams:
* tk 5
* fb 1
* sr 5
* vm 5
* iv 5
* tk 5
* vr 2
* zd 5
* mr 4
* ab 5
* ee 3
* ak 3
* jk 4
== Exams ==
The exams will take place together with the exams of the first semester course of intro to IT. There are three possible days to choose, and you can use one or two, as you like. It is sensible to use the first or second day and leave the third as a backup. Each day there are two sessions and you are free to select either one:
* 8. january : at 9 and 12, room U06A-229 (large auditorium on the 2nd floor of the main campus building 6)
* 12. january : at 11 and 14, room ICO-314 (large auditorium of IT college)
* 17. january : at 11 and 14, room U02-102 (large auditorium on the 1st floor of the main campus building 2)
There is no requirement to register.


= Time, place, credits =
= Time, place, credits =


Time: Every Friday 16:00 - 17:30
Time: Every Wednesday 11:40 - 13:55


* Normally we will have student presentations during the lecture time, along with planning following presentations and brief intros by the lecturer. We will follow the [http://lambda.ee/wiki/Semantika_ja_anal%C3%BC%C3%BCtiline_filosoofia#Schedule schedule]
Normally we will have student presentations during the lecture time, along with planning following presentations and brief intros by the lecturer. We will follow the [http://lambda.ee/wiki/Semantika_ja_anal%C3%BC%C3%BCtiline_filosoofia#Schedule schedule]
* There will be additional video lectures by the lecturer during some of the weeks to study, in addition to the Friday time above.


Location: IT building room <font color="red">ICT-507AB</font>
Location: IT College building room <font color="red">ICO-219</font>


Credits: 6  
Credits: 6  
454. rida: 426. rida:
== Schedule ==
== Schedule ==


Tarmo, Anton, Rahman, Fuad: scheduled for 13 and 20 oct, see below.
15. Sept
* Eva-Lotta - Putnam: tähendus ja osutus. (Meaning and reference). Look at https://www.uvm.edu/~lderosse/courses/lang/Putnam(1973).pdf or https://danielwharris.com/teaching/364/readings/PutnamMeaningReference.pdf and then continue in this direction https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_externalism ja https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/linguistics/#ThrAppLinTheExtEmeEss
* Tiina - Quine: empirismi kaks dogmat. (Two dogmas of empiricism) Look at https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-1863-0_2 (a paper in this collection) and then continue to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism and https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-language/Ordinary-language-philosophy#ref923945
* Deniel - Tarski: semantiline tõekontseptsioon (The Semantic Conception of Truth). Look at https://sites.ualberta.ca/~francisp/Phil426/TarskiTruth1944.pdf and then continue to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_theory_of_truth and https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth/ and https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tarski-truth/
22. Sept
* Eva - Dummett: Truth. Read [https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/kk3n/epistclass/dummett.pdf full text] and continue to [https://askaphilosopher.org/2017/03/04/michael-dummetts-truth/ discussion] and the [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth/ SEP article about truth]
* Siim - evolution of morals (not 15 Sept). First get a brief general background: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology sociobiology] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology evolutionary psychology]. Then the useful stuff to start the subject with (but search for more!): [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_morality wikipedia], [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/morality-biology/ SEP article] and continue to [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333729121_The_evolution_of_moral_cognition this article] and [https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2214005119 this]
* Deniss - Ramsey subjektiivne tõenäosusteooria (Ramsey's subjective theory of probabilities). Start with [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ramsey/ SEP about Ramsey] and [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/probability-interpret/ SEP article about the issues]. Then read [http://fitelson.org/probability/ramsey.pdf Ramsey's paper] or [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-20451-2_3 the same paper here]. Also, search for more context.
29. Sept
* Ian - How do bacteria and simple organisms communicate. Start with [http://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate this Ted lecture] and then search for more materials.
* Jaanus - mirror neurons (not 15, 22 Sept). Recommended to start with the brain science podcast [https://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/a-closer-look-at-mirror-neurons-bsp-35.html 35 Mirror Neurons] and [https://brainsciencepodcast.com/bsp/mirror-neurons-with-michael-arbib-bsp-39.html podcast 39] (Discusses the role of mirror neurons in imitation and language). Certainly read about the [https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/fulltext/S1364-6613(22)00134-6 current views] and [https://www.brainfacts.org/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/learning-and-memory/2022/what-scientists-learned-amid-the-fluctuating-fad-in-mirror-neurons-research-092622 controversies]. Search for more materials: it is a popular topic!
* Veiko - neurons. Start by searching the material yourself. Then, certainly read and use these articles: [https://medium.com/intuitionmachine/neurons-are-more-complex-than-what-we-have-imagined-b3dd00a1dcd3 complexity of neurons], [https://www.quantamagazine.org/neural-dendrites-reveal-their-computational-power-20200114/ complexity of dendrites], [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2018.00052/full research on subsynaptic learning].
6. Oct
* Villem - Frame problem in AI. Start with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem wiki] and continue to [https://folk.idi.ntnu.no/gamback/teaching/TDT4138/dennett84.pdf Dennett] for philosophy and [https://people.cs.pitt.edu/~milos/courses/cs2740/Lectures/class14.pdf this] for blocks world example. For deeper stuff read [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frame-problem/ SAP article] and [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/leora/fp.pdf another classic] about frame problem.
* Sadiq - modal logics S4 ja S5 and possible worlds (Kripke semantics). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripke_semantics wiki] is immediately technical and a bit hard to read. The [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/ SAP] article with the [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dynamic-epistemic/appendix-A-kripke.html Kripke addendum] is better. A good detailed, yet approachable intro + further details are [https://philarchive.org/archive/ZACBAD here]. Read also [https://cs.nyu.edu/~davise/knowledge-tutorial.pdf this] about epistemic modal logic.
* Zhe - frequentist vs bayesian vs other interpretations of probability. First have a look at [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/probability-interpret/ the SAP] page. Notice the Bayesian approach is a part of the wider "Subjective Interpretation" chapter.  [https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-05-introduction-to-probability-and-statistics-spring-2014/76926c6068c8b18e6ecb48d649b15bfd_MIT18_05S14_Reading20.pdf This] is a good comparison of Bayesian/frequentist approaches.
13. Oct
* Tarmo: Main themes of the philosophy of Dennett + overview of his paper "quining qualia".   
* Anton: bicameral mind. Start with [https://www.julianjaynes.org/about/ this].
* Rahman: Structure of infinity: Ordinals and cardinals. Start with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality wiki cardinality],[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number wiki cardinals] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number wiki ordinals], also [https://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/knight/lectures/ordinals.pdf Ordinals: read from 6.2 Classifying the ordinals]
20. Oct
* Fuad: pragmatist philosophy
* Eva-Lotta: Gödels incompleteness theorems and their influence on philosophy. There is an OK overview [[Media:Jarelsona_godel.pdf|in Estonian]] by the lecturer. You can get the main details from [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/goedel-incompleteness/ SEP].
* Tiina: Overview of the main points, arguments, thought examples and counter-arguments of/for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind) functionalist] school. As always, [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/functionalism/ SEP] is a good detailed material. The [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computational-mind/ computational mind] thought line is very closely related to functionalism.
   
27. Oct
* Deniel: Nick Boström's Simulation Argument. Please prepare already for 20. Oct, as a spare.     
* Eva: Anthropic principle and the Bolzmann brain
* Siim: the views of Andy Clark about perception, learning etc: start with https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/322-predicting-reality
3. Nov
All of the following are really popular, hence it is easy to google for different papers, presentations and other materials. The symbolic vs non-symbolic is harder, due to an extreme amount of heated discussion.
* Deniss: Donald D. Hoffman and the user interface (MUI) theory of mind. Please prepare already for 27. Oct, as a spare.   
* Ian: Kahneman & Tversky: briefly about Prospect theory and more on System 1 and System 2 thinking
* Jaanus: symbolic vs non-symbolic debate. If possible, please connect it also the classic nature-vs-nurture and individual-learning-vs-evolution and plato-vs-aristotle thought lines. It may be also interesting to have a look at [https://www.unicog.org/publications/Dehaene%20TICS%202022%20final%20proofs.pdf this paper].
10. Nov
NB! The following schedule is preliminary: some people are still waiting for the slot, so please email me (again, in case you are not scheduled despite previous emails etc) to schedule you for the 10. Nov, pushing some of the presentations below to the 17. Nov:
* Veiko: Main points of Chomsky's philosophy of language. Main criticisms and support. Notice that it is a prime example of "evolution-first" as opposed to "learning-first" position.
* Villem: Paul Grice: overview of the most important of Grice's claims and theory, including dialog (start with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicature and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_act and have a look at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGJGIWqnSFY ).
* Sadiq: Intuitionistic logic + examples of proofs of theorems which are (a) possible classically, but not intuitionistically, (b) easy classically, but hard intuitionistically. Please prepare already for 13. Oct, as a spare.  Start with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_mathematics) wiki] and continue to [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic/ SEP]. Have a look at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry%E2%80%93Howard_correspondence curry-howard stuff]. Most importantly, google for materials talking about the irrationality(?) of the square root of two and around this.
17 Nov
Normal 30-min talks:
* Zhe: Wolfram's theory of the world, using hypergraphs. A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2021/07/12/155-stephen-wolfram-on-computation-hypergraphs-and-fundamental-physics/ podcast] and [https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/10/how-to-think-computationally-about-ai-the-universe-and-everything/ ted talk] and [https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2020/04/finally-we-may-have-a-path-to-the-fundamental-theory-of-physics-and-its-beautiful/ some earlier writings]
* Tarmo: Judea Pearl on causality. A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2022/05/09/196-judea-pearl-on-cause-and-effect/ podcast episode] and [https://lexfridman.com/judea-pearl another] and [https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/164-cause-effect yet another] and [http://bayes.cs.ucla.edu/jp_home.html homepage].
* Anton : Karl Friston and the free energy principle . A useful[https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2020/03/09/87-karl-friston-on-brains-predictions-and-free-energy/ podcast episode] and the [https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/ homepage].
24 Nov
Normal 30-min talks:
* Rahman: Yann LeCun on the problems of LLMs, like the need to find new architectures for machine learning and the need to connect LLMs to tools. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=vjrU4MWjd6Y lecun about his views, recent], another [https://lnkd.in/eY7x_mPr video]  with [https://lnkd.in/e_giyDJ7 slides]. An important [https://openreview.net/pdf?id=BZ5a1r-kVsf detailed paper] and a larger [https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.07842 tool use paper]
* Fuad: arguments about the danger / high risk of AI (e.g. Stuart Russell, Geoffrey Hinton, Yoshua Bengio), vs arguments about the usefulness / small risk of AI (e.g. Yann LeCun, Marc Andreessen,  Andrew Ng). Best to google these guys presenting their views, since the topic is hugely popular.
* Tiina: vector semantics. Use [https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/6.pdf this chapter] from [https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/ this book] as the main material (surely you can reuse slides [https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/li15/lec3.vector.pdf from here] as well. Obviously, searching for additional examples etc  would be also nice.
1 Dec
Quick 15-minute talks:
* Moved to 15 dec: Eva-Lotta: panpsychism and Philip Goff. A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/11/04/71-philip-goff-on-consciousness-everywhere/ podcast episode]. Also, have a quick intro look into the “hard problem of consciousness” of Chalmers.
* Moved to 15 dec: Tiina: Max Tegmark and the mathematical multiverse. A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/12/02/75-max-tegmark-on-reality-simulation-and-the-multiverse/ podcast episode].
* Deniel: David Deutsch and the probabilistic (or rather, not) nature of scientific theories. A [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2023/10/16/253-david-deutsch-on-science-complexity-and-explanation/ useful podcast]. Also the [https://www.daviddeutsch.org.uk/papersarticles/ homepage]. Here is one [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2014.0540 complicated paper] on constructor theory, as a potential additional deep source.
* Eva: Jeff Hawkins and the main Numenta theories of intelligence. See [https://www.numenta.com/ numenta], some of the [https://www.numenta.com/resources/videos/page/2/ talks by Hawkins] and, for example, a useful [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-021-04715-0 paper] from there.
* Siim: Yejin Choi on AI and Common Sense. A suitable [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2023/08/28/248-yejin-choi-on-ai-and-common-sense/ podcast episode] and the [https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~yejin/ homepage].
* Muaan: Anil Seth on consciousness.  A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2021/10/11/168-anil-seth-on-emergence-information-and-consciousness/ podcast episode] and a [https://www.anilseth.com/ homepage].
8 Dec
Quick 15-minute talks:
* Ian: Different views on controlling AI dangers: Connor Leahy, listen to the episode 158 on https://www.eye-on.ai/podcast-archive and search for more
* Jaanus: David Krakauer about complex systems. See https://davidckrakauer.com/ and listen to https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2023/07/10/242-david-krakauer-on-complexity-agency-and-information/
* Veiko: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism
* Villem: Mike Frank: Early Language and Cognition. [https://braininspired.co/podcast/171/ Interview] and perhaps a longer [https://langcog.stanford.edu/papers_new/goodman-2016-tics.pdf paper 1] and [https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/yhrb4 paper 2]
* Sadiq: Select one: Either Nick Enfield: Language vs. Reality [https://braininspired.co/podcast/166/ Interview] and perhaps a longer [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2021.0352 paper] or James Woodward on causation [https://braininspired.co/podcast/145/ Interview] and the [https://www.jameswoodward.org/ homepage]
* Zhe: philosophy of embodied mathematics, start with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Mathematics_Comes_From and explore further from there
15 Dec
Quick 15-minute talks:
* Tarmo: Antonio Damasio and the origin of important stuff in homeostasis. [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/04/29/episode-44-antonio-damasio-on-feelings-thoughts-and-the-evolution-of-humanity/ Interview] and a [https://www.ted.com/speakers/antonio_damasio ted talk]. See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis
* Anton: Donald D. Hoffman and the user interface (MUI) theory of mind. Was planned for Deniss on 3. Nov, not presented? Easy to google, highly popular.
* Not present: Rahman: Randy Gallistel on memory [https://braininspired.co/podcast/126/ interview 1] and maybe also [https://codykommers.substack.com/p/79-randy-gallistel#details interview 2]. Some additional background: [https://www.lifeiscomputation.com/the-truth-about-the-not-so-universal-approximation-theorem/ here]
* Fuad: Confirmation bias <!-- David Glanzman on memory https://braininspired.co/podcast/172/ -->
* Eva-Lotta: panpsychism and Philip Goff. A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/11/04/71-philip-goff-on-consciousness-everywhere/ podcast episode]. Also, have a quick intro look into the “hard problem of consciousness” of Chalmers.
* Tiina: Max Tegmark and the mathematical multiverse. A useful [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/12/02/75-max-tegmark-on-reality-simulation-and-the-multiverse/ podcast episode].
plus 1 reserve slot to be filled as needed
22 Dec
* Consultation for exam + some spare slots, including:
* Tiina: functionalism


== Some themes for selection ==
== Some themes for selection ==

Redaktsioon: 3. september 2024, kell 14:16

märgid
märgid

Code: ITV9070
Link: http://lambda.ee/wiki/Semantika_ja_anal%C3%BC%C3%BCtiline_filosoofia
Title: Semantics and Analytical Philosophy Archive: year 2023 archive
Lecturer: Tanel Tammet
Contact: tanel.tammet@ttu.ee, 6203457, ICT 426

"A sign is anything that can be used to tell a lie." --Umberto Eco

“I’m writing a book on magic,” I explain, and I’m asked, “Real magic?” By real magic people mean miracles, thaumaturgical acts, and supernatural powers. “No,” I answer: “Conjuring tricks, not real magic.” Real magic, in other words, refers to the magic that is not real, while the magic that is real, that can actually be done, is not real magic. --Lee Siegel


Time, place, credits

Time: Every Wednesday 11:40 - 13:55

Normally we will have student presentations during the lecture time, along with planning following presentations and brief intros by the lecturer. We will follow the schedule

Location: IT College building room ICO-219

Credits: 6

The lectures will be in English, unless everybody understands Estonian, in which case they will be in Estonian.

The presentations in practice sessions can be given in English or Estonian, as you prefer.

The contents of practice sessions are presentations by students and their discussion. For all students, presence in the practice sessions is important and is accounted for in the final grade.

We will probably succeed with saving the videos of lectures: will check out during the first weeks.

The course will finish with a written exam. The materials below marked with a red E will be critical for studying for the exam, while the materials marked with blue L are also used but less important. Materials without such marks will not be used for the exam questions.

In order to be allowed to take the exam, each student should give at least four presentations. Presentations are not graded, but when they are determined not to be satfisfactory, they should be re-done.

Some of the later lecture times will be used as additional practice sessions.

Initial course plan, materials and topics

We consider several topics, starting from general ones and moving to more specific.

The main goal of the lectures is to make it easier to understand the concepts and ideas in the topics, in order to better understand the reading materials.

Intro, semiotics, philosophy

Main materials:

Useful to read/listen:

About the alphabet:


Notes on structuralism, deconstruction and friends:

Notes on Propp:

Notes on the Vienna circle and logical positivism:

Evolution of brain, intelligence and society

Sociobiology, evolutionary psychology and memetics.

Recording of the lecture: 15 Sept

Main material:

Recommended overviews:

Recommended books:

Important papers:

Additional notes and recommendations, not obligatory:

Brain science

Intro material

Intro talk video: 29 sept.

For exam:

Good general overviews:

Important podcasts:


General notes:

Read also:

Infinity, logic and philosophy of mathematics

The first topic is intro to the philosophy of mathematics, mainly the questions of infinity and unsolvability.

Materials to read:

Videos have heads down:

More about infinity and computability:

Helpful read: cardinality wikipedias. Read more about Gödel's incompleteness theorem from SEP: a part of a larger incompleteness-article.

A longer story about the philosophy of mathematics from SEP.

Nonclassical logics, related to the philosophy of mathematics:


More on nonclassical logics:

Thinking and AI

Detailed arguments and counterarguments for the

Some good core stuff


Living classics from the lex fridman podcast:


Semantics of natural language

We will look into both

  • Vector semantics
  • Semantics based on world model

Details will be added when the block starts

Dialog, pragmatics, uncertain knowledge

The first subject is dialogue pragmatics. Several related branches (have a brief look, but no need to read deeply unless you become interested):

To start, certainly look/listen these short lectures:

In case you just want to read original Grice:

Have a look at

Additionally, nice to listen and :


The next theme is uncertain information and probabilities: how to understand, write down and make conjectures.

General intro here as a part of this course.


Read this intro: Numeric uncertainty (L as explained next):

  • Certainly up the the section "Different ways to encode confidences in logic", also looking at the wikipages pointed to
  • Briefly look into the following sections, but do not focus or spend much time on these

Then read the first parts and have brief looks at the SEP articles:

Here are some of our papers on our system, about confidence and reasoning with exceptions.


Extra stuff

Presentations

Schedule

Some themes for selection

Ideas for the first rounds from this book (search originals from the web):

  • Putnam: tähendus ja osutus. (Meaning and reference)
  • Quine: empirismi kaks dogmat. (Two dogmas of empiricism)
  • Dummett: Truth.
  • Tarski: semantiline tõekontseptsioon.
  • Strawson: tähendus ja tõde
  • Ramsey subjektiivne tõenäosusteooria.

Further:

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